各位的考卷還沒看完，所以下禮拜再來看。
這是FRBR的首頁，網路上很多壞人，你去查資料一定要查到官網。
他現在用的這是Final Report最終報告，意思是之前有很多個report。
沒跟上的時候一定要講沒有關係。
這些東西事實上不是電子書，只是一個電子的檔案。如果做成電子書，格式可能會跑掉。
翻譯版是在2008年問世。基本上很完整，只是少了2009年的一段話。少了哪一段話我也不清楚。
中文翻譯就是這些人分章分節來做。中國這樣的國家本質上是用國家的力量來做。這些人都是在他們所謂的大的圖書館工作。
根據的版本是1998年版，又加上了2007年的修訂版。
來看書名頁，做為一個圖書館員要從書名頁看起。
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions(IFLA)
這是國際圖書館協會聯合會。
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS(很多需求) FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS(很多記錄)
書名就是這樣子
但我們實際上在編目的時候不可以這樣記，要像這樣子：
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
每個單字的第一個字母大寫，for則不用，這是英文的文法。
IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
這是作者
Approved by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing
這也是作者的一部份
我們之前說過怎樣的特質算為作者？
就是這個人或是團體要對這本書的內涵或是藝術性做出貢獻，這才算是作者。
所以他是有一個作者分成兩組，不只是IFLA Study Group做完就好，還要更上層的approve。
我們來看看Section on Cataloguing，Sections裡面有很多，其中一個是Cataloguing。有興趣你們就自己慢慢看。
目次分為七個章節。
1. 介紹
2. IFLA的Objectives, Scope, and Methodology（目的、範圍和方法）
3. 實體
4. 屬性
5. 關係
6. 使用者（用戶）任務
7. 國家書目（記錄的基本需求）
這本書一開始告訴我們members，前面一開始告訴你作者是一個study group，這裡告訴你是有哪些人。他也是有點賴皮，不標示國家，世界上有多少地名是Paris。這裡面可以看到前面是members還有顧問，還有已經退出來的。
- 1. INTRODUCTION
將近 40 年前，國際圖書館協會和機構聯合會（IFLA）在國際範圍內，對編目理論與實踐進行了一次徹底的梳理。
Almost forty years ago the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) initiated a fundamental re-examination of cataloguing theory and practice on an international level.
第一句就告訴你40 years ago，1997年前40年所以是1950年左右就有這個概念。
目的是甚麼？
本研究的目的是以清晰的語言界定書目記錄相對於各種載體、各種應用、各種用戶需求所發揮的功能。本研究將涉及最廣泛意義上的書目記錄——即不僅包含著錄單元，而且包含檢索 點（名稱、題名、主題等）、其他“組織”單元（分類等）與注釋的記錄——的所有功能。
The purpose of this study is to delineate(描述) in clearly defined terms the functions performed by the bibliographic record with respect to various media, various applications, and various user needs.
這次研究的目標是制訂一個框架，這個框架應當對書目記錄旨在提供的是什麼資訊，我們期待記錄在滿足使用者需求方面能做到什麼，提供清晰的、措詞準確並取得共識的理解。
The study is to cover the full range of functions for the bibliographic record in its widest sense- i.e., a record that encompasses not only descriptive elements, but access points(檢索項) (name, title, subject, etc.), other "organizing" elements(組織細目) (classification, etc.), and annotations(摘要).
Record不只是指書，還有各種媒體。有些不是用看的，還有用聽的，可能還是動態的。書目紀錄在這些情況之下應該具有那些功能跟需求。
1.2途徑 approach
指的是用什麼途徑或是方法做出來
這些elements事實上是處理成三塊：實體、屬性與關係。
怎麼去找出元素呢？
是根據另外這四個文件來的：
International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions(ISBD)
Guidelines for Authority and Reference Entries (GARE)
Guidelines for Subject Authority and Reference Entries (GSARE)
UNIMARC Manual
1.3 進一步研究的領域 Areas for Further Study
大家都會說多給我一點時間我可以做得更好，但這是要有時間限制的。
本研究開發的模型是一個初步的嘗試，它試圖建立一個有助於理解與進一步發展書目著錄規範的邏輯框架。
The model developed for this study represents, as far as possible, a “generalized” view of the bibliographic universe; it is intended to be independent of any particular cataloguing code or implementation of the concepts it represents.
以更宏觀的角度看世界
第二章會去講他的目的範圍跟方法，我們休息一下。
2.1 研究的目的Objectives of the Study
這項研究有兩個基本目的。第一個目的是提供一個清晰定義的結構化框架，使書目記錄中記錄的資料 與記錄使用者的需求之間產生關聯。第二個目的是推薦由國家書目機構創建的記錄的基本功能級別。
The study has two primary objectives. The first is to provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records. The second objective is to recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies.
FRBR的目的主要有兩個目標。第一個是提供一個給讀者用的框架。建立一個國家書目機構所能使用的最基礎且最少的書目紀錄的層次。
2.2 範圍 Scope
For the purposes of this study a bibliographic record is defined as the aggregate of data that are associated with entities described in library catalogues and national bibliographies. Included in that aggregate of data are descriptive data elements such as those defined in the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (ISBDs); data elements used in headings for persons, corporate bodies, titles, and subjects that function as filing devices or index entries; other data elements used to organize a file of records, such as classification numbers; annotations such as abstracts or summaries; and data specific to the copies in library collections, such as accession numbers and call numbers.
Data associated with persons, corporate bodies, titles, and subjects are analysed only to the extent that they function as headings or index entries for the records describing bibliographic entities. The present study does not analyse those additional data associated with persons, corporate bodies, works, and subjects that are typically recorded only in authority records.
The study endeavours to be comprehensive in terms of the variety of materials that are covered. The data included in the study pertain to textual, music, cartographic, audio-visual, graphic and three-dimensional materials; they cover the full range of physical media實體媒體 described in bibliographic records (paper, film, magnetic tape, optical storage media, etc.); they cover all formats (books, sheets單張, discs光碟片, cassettes, cartridges, etc.); and they reflect all modes of recording information (analogue, acoustic, electric, digital(電子的，有通電或沒通電，0或是1), optical(光學的), etc.).
資料有數位與類比。
The study assumes(假設) that the data included in bibliographic records produced for national bibliographies(國家書目) and library catalogues(圖書館目錄) are used by a wide range of users: readers(讀者), students(學生), researchers(研究員), library staff, publishers, distribution agents, retailers, information brokers, administrators of intellectual property rights, etc.承認人的多樣性(不可以做出來的東西是給特定的一群人用。) The study takes into account the wide variety of applications, both within and outside a library setting, in which the data in bibliographic records are used: collections development, acquisitions, cataloguing, the production of finding aids and bibliographies, inventory management, preservation, circulation, interlibrary loan, reference, and information retrieval.
Within the context of such applications users may make use of bibliographic records for a variety of purposes, for example: to determine what information resources exist, perhaps on a particular subject or by a particular person, within a given “universe” (e.g., within the totality of available information resources, within the published output of a particular country, within the holdings of a particular library or group of libraries, etc.); to verify the existence and/or availability of a particular document for purposes of acquiring, borrowing or lending; to identify a source or sources from which a document can be obtained and the terms under which it is available; to determine whether a record already exists for an item being added to a collection or whether a new record needs to be created; to track an item as it moves through a process such as binding or conservation treatment; to determine whether an item can be circulated or sent out on interlibrary loan; to select a document or group of documents that will serve the information needs of the user; or to determine the physical requirements for use of an item as they relate either to the abilities of the user or to special requirements for playback equipment, computing capabilities, etc.
因本次研究的需要，書目記錄的功能需求的定義同讀者檢索與利用國家書目和圖書館目錄時實施的以下基本任務有關：
For the purposes of this study the functional requirements for bibliographic records are defined in relation to the following generic tasks that are performed by users when searching and making use of national bibliographies and library catalogues:
利用資料查找符合使用者提出的檢索條件的資料（例如，在檢索某一特定主題的所有文獻，或者檢索特定題名下的一部錄音作品的環境中）
▪ using the data to find materials that correspond to the user’s stated search criteria (e.g., in the context of a search for all documents on a given subject, or a search for a recording issued under a particular title);
用資料找到跟使用者陳述出來的資料。你陳述出一個主題、書名、作者，就要找到這些資料。
利用檢索到的資料去識別一個實體（例如，確認記錄所描述的文獻對應於用戶查找的文獻，或者區別具有相同題名的兩個文本或錄音作品）
▪ using the data retrieved to identify an entity (e.g., to confirm確認 that the document described in a record corresponds to the document sought by the user, or to distinguish between two texts or recordings that have the same title同名的書);
用書目記錄的目的是辨認出一個實體。
同樣是紅樓夢，我要的是有標點符號的，不要沒有標點符號的；我要的是連續劇，我不要書。
前面那個是去確認我的書目紀錄的文件和我所想的是一樣的，我要在眾多裡面挑一個出來，挑一個你需要的。
利用資料選擇一個適合使用者需求的實體（例如，選擇使用者能夠理解的語言文本，或者選擇與使用者 可獲得的硬體和作業系統相容的電腦程式版本）
▪ using the data to select an entity that is appropriate to the user’s needs (e.g., to select a text in a language the user understands, or to choose a version of a computer program that is compatible with the hardware and operating system available to the user);
書目紀錄要能讓你去選擇。比如說：語言。紅樓夢你要繁體字還是簡體字？
如果是電腦程式，你去查那個目錄，電腦程式也可以放在書目記錄裡面對不對，bibliographic可以表示所有東西。
利用資料來獲得或存取所著錄的實體（比如，提交出版物的訂單，提交圖書館館藏中某一圖書複本的借閱請求，或者連線訪問存儲在遠端電腦上的電子文獻）
▪ using the data in order to acquire or obtain access to the entity described (e.g., to place a purchase買 order for a publication, to submit a request for the loan館際互借 of a copy of a book in a library’s collection, or to access online an electronic document線上取得電子檔 stored on a remote computer).
取得這個資料。圖書館的目錄一定要有資料，圖書館的目錄不可以放沒有資料的東西。
我上次看過一個資料，他告訴我說…..今天找不到！下次再舉例！
2.3 研究方法 Methodology
研究方法幾千幾百種，只要被人接受即可。
The methodology used in this study is based on an entity analysis technique實體分析技術 that is used in the development of conceptual models for relational database systems. Although the study is not intended to serve directly as a basis for the design of bibliographic databases, the technique was chosen as the basis for the methodology because it provides a structured approach to the analysis of data requirements that facilitates the processes of definition and delineation that were set out in the terms of reference for the study.
The first step in the entity analysis technique is to isolate the key objects目標 that are of interest to users of information in a particular domain. These objects of interest or entities are defined at as high a level as possible. That is to say that the analysis first focuses attention not on individual data but on the "things" the data describe. Each of the entities defined for the model, therefore, serves as the focal point for a cluster of data. An entity diagram for a personnel information system, for example, would likely identify "employee" as one entity that would be of interest to the users of such a system.
第一個步驟他要去找出你的目標。找盡量高階的。不是去找出個別的資料，而是去找出描述資料的東西。EX.人事系統內，要先辨認出誰是僱員。
At a high level an entity diagram also depicts the relationships that normally hold between one type of entity and another type of entity. The model for a personnel information system, for example, would likely indicate a reciprocal relationship between the entity "employee" and the entity "position": an employee "occupies" a position; a position "is occupied by" an employee.
2.4 研究的組成部分Components of the Study
研究的第一部分包括 4 章：
The first segment of the study contains four chapters:
研究的第 3 章確定了模型中所使用的實體、命名、定義以及對其本質和範圍的詳細闡述。
▪ Chapter 3 of the study identifies the entities that have been used in the model, naming, defining, and elaborating on their nature and scope.
辨認出這些實體
第 4 章分析了與模型中定義的各個實體相關的屬性，提供每個屬性的定義。該分析在附錄 A 中拓 展為一個詳細的列表，列舉了與各個屬性相聯繫的各個資料單元。
▪ Chapter 4 analyses the attributes associated with each of the entities defined for the model, and provides definitions for each attribute. That analysis is then expanded in Appendix A to give a comprehensive listing of individual data elements associated with each attribute.
每個實體的屬性去分析出來
第 5 章描述了模型中所使用的各種關係，定義並詳細闡述了這些關係的本質，既包括作用於模型 通用層次的關係，也包括作用於特定實體實例間的關係。
▪ Chapter 5 delineates the relationships used in the model, defining and elaborating on the nature of relationships that operate at a generalized level in the model as well as those that operate between specific instances of entities.
把model裡面的界線、關係劃分清楚
第 6 章把與各個實體相關的屬性和關係映射到書目記錄支援的 4 項基本使用者任務，顯示了每個屬 性或關係與每個用戶任務的相關性。
▪ Chapter 6 maps the attributes and relationships associated with each entity to the four generic user tasks the bibliographic record is intended to support, showing the relevance of each attribute or relationship to each of the user tasks.
把每個實體屬性相關的關係做出來
因此真正的內容在於3~6章
研究的第二部分只包括 1 章：
第 7 章利用第 6 章中的映射作為研究組關於國家書目記錄基本資料需求的推薦意見的參考性框 架。
The second segment of the study contains a single chapter:
▪ Chapter 7 uses the mapping in Chapter 6 as the frame of reference for the study group’s recommendations regarding basic data requirements for national bibliographic records.
把做出來的東西對應到國家書目紀錄裡面
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