考卷的格式是一回事，正確性又是另一回事。
不能期望別人去了解你，格式自己要去處理，答案本身要有意義。
如果聽不懂的話，那就把題目抄一遍再回答，但是這樣其實也是不對的。
我給各位的分數也是每一題有1、2、3、10，這是有道理的，在教育學的評鑑方面是有道理的。如果你把這件事情弄得很清楚，就會給你很高分。
讀書不是背答案，而是讀這個主題，讀主題相關的。
有三位同學拿到40分以上，你們可以思考如何讓自己拿到那麼高分。
不是要效法考得好的人，不是別人有錢就要羨慕他，但是你可以理解一下他是怎麼變有錢的。
分數差的也不用難過，因為你們還沒準備好上大學，還沒準備好要上這門課。
原則上我們下學期不會當人，但是看起來上學期很多分數都給錯了，所以我會去更正～
上禮拜跟各位講到FRBR的研究方法，The entity-relationship所以有實體可以辨認它的關係。
For the purposes of this study the functional requirements for bibliographic records are defined in relation to the following generic tasks that are performed by users when searching and making use of national bibliographies and library catalogues:
這個研究讓國家書目者可以做到下列的事情。
▪ using the data to find materials that correspond to the user’s stated search criteria (e.g., in the context of a search for all documents on a given subject, or a search for a recording issued under a particular title);
使用者deta說明作者、主題等等，找到跟使用者相符的資料
▪ using the data retrieved to identify an entity (e.g., to confirm that the document described in a record corresponds to the document sought by the user, or to distinguish between two texts or recordings that have the same title);
找出一些可以辨認的實體
▪ using the data to select an entity that is appropriate to the user’s needs (e.g., to select a text in a language the user understands, or to choose a version of a computer program that is compatible with the hardware and operating system available to the user);
▪ using the data in order to acquire or obtain access to the entity described (e.g., to place a purchase order for a publication, to submit a request for the loan of a copy of a book in a library’s collection, or to access online an electronic document stored on a remote computer).取得資料
The first segment of the study contains four chapters:
▪ Chapter 3 of the study identifies the entities that have been used in the model, naming, defining, and elaborating on their nature and scope.
第三章辨認實體並且…命名、定義他的屬性及範圍範圍
▪ Chapter 4 analyses the attributes associated with each of the entities defined for the model, and provides definitions for each attribute. That analysis is then expanded in Appendix A to give a comprehensive listing of individual data elements associated with each attribute.
▪ Chapter 5 delineates the relationships used in the model, defining and elaborating on the nature of relationships that operate at a generalized level in the model as well as those that operate between specific instances of entities.
▪ Chapter 6 maps the attributes and relationships associated with each entity to the four generic user tasks the bibliographic record is intended to support, showing the relevance of each attribute or relationship to each of the user tasks.
3. 實體
3.1 概要
本研究定義的實體代表書目資料的使用者關心的關鍵物件。實體分成 3 組。第一組包括書目記錄命名或描述的知識或藝術創造的產品：作品、表現形式、具體呈現、單件。第二組包括那些對知識或藝術內容、物質生產與傳播或其產品的保管負責的實體：個人和團體。第三組包括一系列附加的實體，它們作為知識或藝術創作的主題：概念、實物、事件、地點。
The entities that have been defined for this study represent the key objects of interest to users of bibliographic data. The entities have been divided into three groups. The first group comprises the products(產品) of intellectual or artistic endeavour that are named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation, and item. The second group comprises those entities responsible for(負責任；作者、編者、攝影者…) the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products: person and corporate body. The third group comprises an additional set of entities that serve as the subjects(主題) of intellectual or artistic endeavour: concept, object, event, and place.
這三組以三種方式去描述它。
這些實體指的是一些書目資料使用者會有興趣的，他不會去在意創作者，只有處理出目資料使用者的人有興趣。
3.1.1第一組實體：作品、內容表達、載體表現、單件
作品（獨有的 知識或藝術的創作）(例: 莎士比亞的創作哈姆雷特)
work (a distinct intellectual or artistic creation)
表現形式（一部作品的知識或藝術的實現）(例: 哈姆雷特作品以英
文原文實現, 以中文翻譯實現等)
expression (the intellectual or artistic realization of a work)
具體呈現（一部作品的內容表達的物理體現）(例: 梁實秋翻譯的哈姆雷特:
三民書局1965年出版)
manifestation (the physical embodiment of an expression of a work)
單件（一種載體表現的單一樣本）(例: 國圖館藏一本)
item (a single exemplar of a manifestation)
各位要看中文翻譯的時候，你可以選擇直接去記它簡體的翻譯，沒有問題。也可以記台灣繁體的翻譯，沒有問題。但你不可以把簡體的翻譯用繁體表達，同樣地，也不可以把繁體的翻譯用簡體表達。
一部作品可以通過一個或多個表現形式來實現（因而用作品到內容表達連線的 雙箭頭表示）。
另一方面，一個表現形式是一部且只是一部作品的實現（因而用內容表達到作品連線的反 向單箭頭表示）。
一個表現形式可以體現於一個或多個具體呈現；同樣，一個具體呈現可以體現一個或多個表現形式。
一個具體呈現又可以以一個或多個單件為代表；但一個單件可以代表一個且只可代表一個具體呈現。
3.2.1 作品Work
Examples
□ w1 Henry Gray’s Anatomy of the human body 一個work有很多版本
□ e1 text and illustrations for the first edition
□ e2 text and illustrations for the second edition
□ e3 text and illustrations for the third edition
□ ….
□ w1 J. S. Bach’s The art of the fugue
□ e1 the composer’s(作曲者) score for organ
□ e2 an arrangement for chamber orchestra(室內樂) by Anthony Lewis
□ ….
□ w1 Jules et Jim (motion picture)
□ e1 the original French language version
□ e2 the original with English subtitles added
□ ….
相比之下，當一部作品的改編涉及顯著程度的獨立的知識或藝術創作，則因本次研究的需要，其成果被看作是新的作品。
By contrast, when the modification of a work involves a significant degree of independent intellectual or artistic effort, the result is viewed, for the purpose of this study, as a new work.
如修改後在藝術性內涵跟原本的作品有明顯的區隔，在FRBR裡認定它是一個新的作品。
因此意譯、改寫、兒童改編本、仿寫、音樂主題變奏曲和音樂作品的自由改編曲被看作是新的作品。
Thus paraphrases(意譯), rewritings(改寫), adaptations for children(兒童改編本), parodies(仿寫), musical variations on a theme(音樂主題變奏曲) and free transcriptions of a musical composition(音樂作品的自由改編曲) are considered to represent new works.
同樣，一部作品的不同文學或藝術形式的改編本（例如，改編成戲劇，將圖片藝術品改為 不同的載體，等等）被看作是新的作品。文摘、摘要、提要也被看作是新的作品。
Similarly, adaptations of a work from one literary or art form to another(不同的文學或是藝術形式) (e.g., dramatizations(小說變劇本), adaptations from one medium of the graphic arts to another, etc.) are considered to represent new works. Abstracts, digests and summaries are also considered to represent new works.
Examples
□ w1 John Bunyan’s The pilgrim’s progress
□ w2 an anonymous adaptation of The pilgrim’s progress for young readers
□ ….
□ w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
□ w2 Franco Zeffirelli’s motion picture Romeo and Juliet
□ w3 Baz Lurhmann’s motion picture William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
□ ….
電影不是呈現男主角和女主角，而是導演的意圖。
On a pragmatic level, defining work as an entity in the model serves a number of purposes. It enables us to give a name and draw relationships to the abstract intellectual or artistic creation that encompasses all the individual expressions of that work. Thus, when we describe a work of literary criticism dealing with Homer’s Iliad, for example, we are able to relate the work of criticism to the work that it treats as its subject. By naming Homer’s work and defining the relationship between it and the work of criticism, we are able to indicate that the subject of the work of criticism is in fact the abstraction we know as the Iliad, and not any specific expression of that work.
3.2.2 表現形式Expression
The second entity defined in the model is expression: the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.
把作品的智識跟藝術性實現出來，實現的形式可以是文字、音樂、樂譜、聲音、實物、影片、行動或是綜合。
An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is “realized.”每一次實現的時候都是一個新的表現形。 Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular sounds, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work. The boundaries of the entity expression are defined, however, so as to exclude aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, that are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work as such. When an expression is accompanied augmentations, such as illustrations, notes, glosses, etc. that are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work, such augmentations are considered to be separate expressions of their own separate work(s). Such augmentations may, or may not, be considered significant enough to warrant distinct bibliographic identification.
Examples 同一個作品，不同的表現形
□ w1 Ellwanger’s Tennis--bis zum Turnierspieler
□ e1 the original German text
□ e2 the English translation by Wendy Gill
□ ….
□ w1 Franz Schubert’s Trout quintet
□ e1 the composer’s notated music
□ e2 the musical work as performed by Rosina Lhevinne, piano, Stuart Sankey, double bass, and members of the Juilliard String Quartet
□ e3 the musical work as performed by Jörg Demus, piano, and the members of the Collegium Aureum
□ e4 the musical work as performed by Emanuel Ax, piano, members of the Guarneri String Quartet, and Julius Levine, double bass
□ ….
3.2.3具體呈現Manifestation
The third entity defined in the model is manifestation: the physical embodiment of an expression of a work.
The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials, including manuscripts, books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, etc. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.
Examples
□ w1 Harry Lindgren’s Geometric dissections
□ e1 original text entitled Geometric dissections
□ m1 the book published in 1964 by Van Nostrand
□ e2 revised text entitled Recreational problems in geometric dissections ....
□ m1 the book published in 1972 by Dover
□ w1 J. S. Bach’s Six suites for unaccompanied cello
□ e1 performances by Janos Starker recorded partly in 1963 and completed in 1965
□ m1 recordings released on 33 1/3 rpm sound discs in 1966 by Mercury
□ m2 recordings re-released on compact disc in 1991 by Mercury
□ e2 performances by Yo-Yo Ma recorded in 1983
□ m1 recordings released on 33 1/3 rpm sound discs in 1983 by CBS Records
□ m2 recordings re-released on compact disc in 1992 by CBS Records
□ w1 Jean Jolivet’s Vraie description des Gaules....
□ e1 the cartographer’s original rendering
□ m1 the map issued in 1570
□ m2 a facsimile reproduction published in 1974 by Hier et demain
□ w1 The Wall Street Journal
□ e1 the Eastern edition
□ m1 the print format of the Eastern edition
□ m2 the microfilm of the Eastern edition
□ e2 the Western edition
□ m1 the print format of the Western edition
□ m2 the microfilm of the Western edition
舉例第一組實體：
作品：大亨小傳
表現形式：英文原版、中文版
具體呈現：paper,dvd
單件：精裝版，平裝版
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